Stress is part of life, but not all stress is the same. Positive stress is short term – like walking quickly to work after oversleeping. Tolerable stress – such as a major illness, or even a significant loss, can have varying impacts. With support, it doesn’t overwhelm us in the long term. Positive and tolerable stressors promote resilience, teach us coping skills, and can expand our consciousness and sense of confidence.
An exploration of the concept of allostasis, or the distribution of the impact of stress across body-systems illuminates why and how toxic stress gives rise to chronic, multi-symptom illness—and increased rates of morbidity and mortality in long-term trauma survivors.
When we experience an injury, multiple body systems respond and work together to support learning and healing. Adrenalin helps us remember and harvest lessons from injuries; immune cells, fluids, blood, and qi all flood the area to restore tissues and support our recovery. This multi-system response distributes the burden of our injury broadly, helping us cope.
Toxic stress results from pervasive, overwhelming life-threatening experiences in the absence of supportive relationships. It creates a devastating burden on the body-mind-spirit. The principle of allostasis helps us understand how traumatic stress can give rise to complex multi-system illness, affecting so many of our body systems. Toxic stress overwhelms our allostatic capacity.
Long-term trauma survivors carry a high allostatic load, meaning that what may be tolerable stress for someone else is experienced as toxic stress. Sustained high allostatic loads cause system-wide changes in physiology that impact both morbidity and mortality. This “straw that broke the camel’s back” framework may be one explanation for the disproportionate experience and impact of COVID-19, both acute and long-haul, in marginalized communities as well as in trauma survivors.